Appendix:Proto-Viraayon-’Aṣækikk roots and lexicon

In this appendix, Proto-Viraayon-’Aṣækikk vocabulary and roots will be listed. Lexical items that did not constitute a root will be presented first, and the roots afterward.

It is also important to note the differences between ‹l›, which represents a recocnstructed lateral alveolar approximant, and ‹ǀ›, which represents a reconstructed dental click. The latter can take the diacritics and so appear as ‹ǀ̬› and as ‹ǀ̃›; be, however, mindful of the unaltered forms, presented here with the click secondary: ‹l ǀ›.

*ɑ

 * *ɑ – Perfective marker
 * *ɑl – Plural distal deictic marker
 * *ɑm – Plural medial deictic marker
 * *ɑs – Plural proximal deictic marker

*æ

 * *æ – Reciprocal marker

*c

 * *cɛ – Allative marker

*cʼ

 * *cʼæ – Prosecutive marker

*h

 * *he – Positive superlative marker

*i

 * *i – Reflexive marker; negative superlative marker
 * *ilɑ – Partitive marker

*kʰ

 * *kʰæ – First-person personal pronoun

*l

 * *lis – Negative comparative marker

*ɴ

 * *ɴɑ – Genitive marker
 * *ɴu – Comparative marker

*ŋ

 * *ŋæ – Ablative marker

*r

 * *ri – Comitative marker

*s

 * *sɑ – Plural medial deictic marker
 * *sɛ – Mediopassive marker
 * *sɛŋ – Adessive marker
 * *si – Instrumental marker; passive-voice marker
 * *soqʼ – Second-person personal pronoun
 * *sɔ – Orientative marker
 * *sɔɴ – Dative marker
 * *su – Plural distal deictic marker

*t

 * *tær – Third-person personal pronoun

*tʰ

 * *tʰe – Positive comparative marker; plural proximal deictic marker
 * *tʰi – Plural immediate deictic marker

*u

 * *uh – Immediate singular deictic marker
 * *uqʼi – Revertative marker

Roots
Roots involving click consonants, */tʃ dʒ/, fricatives other than */s h/, and/or voiced plosives were inherited from Proto-Boreal. In addition, many roots beginning featuring initial *h are similarly loans, borrowed from Proto-Boreal roots with original syllable structure *VCC.

*b

 * *b-g-d know (from PB *bagd hear)

*c

 * *c-kʼ-l paddle, make motions with the hands
 * *c-kʼ-tʼ pivot, serve as a pivot
 * *c-l-k pull, exert force on (someone/something)
 * *c-m-cʼ be white, be light
 * *c-m-s play, play games
 * *c-ŋ-kʰ melt, dissolve
 * *c-p-h be hairy
 * *c-p-tʼ make tracks, leave footprints or other signs of activity
 * *c-pʰ-h be legal, be permissible
 * *c-pʼ-tsʰ identify, recognize
 * *c-r-c run, move quickly
 * *c-s-l argue, fight
 * *c-s-t be criminal, be a crime
 * *c-tsʼ-h hope, be optimistic, be optimistic for/about something
 * *c-tsʼ-p dance, dance around
 * *c-w-r to be on fire
 * *c-w-w check, verify

*cʰ

 * *cʰ-cʰ-p mimic, copy
 * *cʰ-h-tsʼ bundle, bundle up, throw down on the ground in a heap
 * *cʰ-k-c crack, slightly damage
 * *cʰ-k-p digest
 * *cʰ-k-s wait, be idle
 * *cʰ-kʰ-c be just, be fair, be impartial
 * *cʰ-kʰ-l upend, turn upside-down
 * *cʰ-kʼ-tʰ be blind
 * *cʰ-m-l mourn
 * *cʰ-ŋ-kʼ frown, screw up the face
 * *cʰ-p-k be austere, be stern, be tough
 * *cʰ-p-l one, unity
 * *cʰ-pʰ-kʰ be disabled, be crippled
 * *cʰ-pʰ-m sell, sell off, give away to receive a benefit from (monetarily or otherwise)
 * *cʰ-pʰ-q swim
 * *cʰ-s-t be hard
 * *cʰ-t-tʰ be true
 * *cʰ-w-m be smart, be clever
 * *cʰ-w-ŋ graze, eat grass or similar sustenance
 * *cʰ-w-w tweet, twitter, chirp

*cʼ

 * *cʼ-c-cʼ be yellow, be orange, be red (some shades thereof)
 * *cʼ-r-h wander, meander
 * *cʼ-ts-k be right, be on the right
 * *cʼ-s-s be spherical, be round
 * *cʼ-ts-s cheat, be unfaithful in love or relations
 * *cʼ-w-c be metallic
 * *cʼ-w-l 10⁴ in base six, 3814

*d

 * *d-f-p resonate, amplify (from PB *dɔfp repeat)
 * *d-g-ǃ̬ mortally wound (from PB *dgaǃ̬ killing blow)
 * *d-k-p be original, be initial (from PB *dikp front)
 * *d-χ-q bleed, get blood all over everything (from PB *duχq bleed, stain, make red)

*dʒ

 * *dʒ-d-ǂ̃ store up, store away (from PB *dʒduǂ̃ store, supply, rations, ration area)
 * *dʒ-ɢ-v be toothy, bite (from PB *dʒɯɢv jaw)
 * *dʒ-t-k be wonderful (from PB *dʒɛtk awe, cause to feel awe)
 * *dʒ-x-p break, fragment, shatter (from BP *dʒɛxp shell [as an oyster])

*f

 * *f-dʒ-d gauge depth or distance, reckon depth or distance (from PB *fadʒd sound, ascertain the depth of a given area of water)
 * *f-p-k be leprous (from PB *fpak leprosy)
 * *f-q-x demand, require (from *fqix task, task with, command, command someone to do something)
 * *f-q-ǃ be brittle (from *fqɛǃ shell, seashell)
 * *f-t-ɢ allow (from *ftaɢ open one's docking area to)
 * *f-x-b approximate, estimate (from *fɔɣb reckon, guess)
 * *f-χ-q descend (from *fχɛq rocky path, natural path down to the coastline)

*g

 * *g-r-n search (from PB *gɔrn look, look for, find)

*ɢ

 * *ɢ-q-f be acidic (from PB *ɢɛqf burn, inflame)
 * *ɢ-m-ʘ ooze (from PB *ɢmaʘ squishy, disgusting)
 * *ɢ-χ-l gesture (from PB *ɢʁal spread the arms)
 * *ɢ-χ-χ enhance, make better (from PB *ɢʁuχ please)

*h

 * *h-c-p be long, be tall
 * *h-c-tʼ to occur, to happen
 * *h-cʰ-t flee, be (a) fugitive
 * *h-cʼ-pʰ escape
 * *h-d-g be dirty, be earthen (from PB *ɛdg ground, earth)
 * *h-ɢ-χ know what one is doing, be sure (from PB *ɯɢʁ know)
 * *h-k-t wonder, muse over, ruminate (from PB *hɔkt ask, question)
 * *h-kʰ-tʼ intoxicate
 * *h-l-ɢ north, be north (from PB *ʌlɢ north)
 * *h-l-q stick out, point out, just out (from PB *ɛlq finger)
 * *h-m-g stick one's tongue out at, make fun of, ridicule, mock (from PB *ʌmg deride, make fun of, ridicule, mock)
 * *h-m-k be busy, occupy one's time, occupy one's time with
 * *h-m-r mutter under one's breath, murmur (from PB *ɯmr gurgle)
 * *h-m-w be calm, be serene
 * *h-m-χ roll, tumble (from PB *amχ wheel)
 * *h-ŋ-d be impermeable, be waterproof (from PB *ɔŋd waterproof)
 * *h-p-k three, triality
 * *h-p-l get dressed, prepare, put on, equip
 * *h-p-q insulate, make warm (from PB *ɯpq fur)
 * *h-pʰ-l pull, exert force on, draw, draw out
 * *h-r-cʼ disgust
 * *h-r-ŋ wear out, wear down, degrade, have friction applied against one (from PB *ɔrŋ be exposed to the elements)
 * *h-s-l start, begin
 * *h-t-k bite, clamp down on (from PB *atk grip, grab, latch onto)
 * *h-t-s be hoarse, whisper
 * *h-t-x be alone, feel alone (from PB utx one)
 * *h-w-q be thick, be dense

*k

 * *k-b-χ act violently out of impulse, retaliate, fly into a rage (from PB *kubʁ fly into a rage)
 * *k-c-l exist in space
 * *k-c-tʼ make up, imagine
 * *k-c-ts be ductile, be malleable
 * *k-c-w be rhythmic, make rhythm
 * *k-cʰ-c doubt
 * *k-cʰ-h flow, gush
 * *k-cʰ-l be wet, be watery
 * *k-cʰ-n admit guilt, admit complicity in something, confess
 * *k-cʰ-tsʼ chew cud, ruminate
 * *k-cʼ-t remain
 * *k-cʼ-tʼ engage, meet in battle
 * *k-f-l locate, seek out, find (from PB *kfal look for)
 * *k-f-p perforate, cut repeatedly or methodically, sew (from PB *kafp sew, repair)
 * *k-h-kʰ dump, dump out, empty
 * *k-h-tʰ obsess, overly assign importance to something, overthink something
 * *k-l-r be temporal, deal with thime
 * *k-m-c consult, seek or give advice
 * *k-m-n swivel, turn on a pivot
 * *k-m-s agree, concur
 * *k-m-t stun, startle, disorient, throw for a loop
 * *k-m-tʼ swallow, take in
 * *k-n-cʼ be squishy, be mushy
 * *k-n-h humiliate, humble, make low
 * *k-n-l choose, select
 * *k-n-r yell, shout
 * *k-n-s spit out, expectorate
 * *k-ŋ-r oversee, watch over, exercise oversight
 * *k-ŋ-t inherit, take on
 * *k-p-ǃ take action, intervene, intercede on behalf of someone (from PB *kpaǃ middle)
 * *k-pʼ-c breathe
 * *k-q-k smile, display the teeth
 * *k-q-r chop, cleave, split, split apart
 * *k-qʼ-h be icy, be ice
 * *k-s-h be comfortable, be cozy
 * *k-s-m count, count out, enumerate
 * *k-s-pʼ be strong, be healthy, be able-bodied, be able
 * *k-s-r point, point out, indicate
 * *k-t-kʰ swing around in a circle, revolve
 * *k-t-p enter, obtain permission
 * *k-t-q organize, maintain order, maintain order in
 * *k-t-ǃ catch off guard (from PB *ktaǃ sudden squall)
 * *k-tʰ-c ride, be a passenger
 * *k-tʰ-s be drafty, be breezy, have a breeze
 * *k-w-r have meaning
 * *k-w-n be named, have a/the name

*kʰ

 * *kʰ-c-s go to bed, go to sleep
 * *kʰ-c-w be confused, be befuddled, be bamboozled
 * *kʰ-cʰ-c mask, hide, pretend
 * *kʰ-cʰ-s break or shatter by hitting or banging against a hard surface
 * *kʰ-cʼ-h arrange, set up
 * *kʰ-cʼ-pʰ tear, rip
 * *kʰ-cʼ-s be home, be present
 * *kʰ-cʼ-tʰ disturb, alter, change
 * *kʰ-h-c negate, nullify
 * *kʰ-h-ŋ funnel, swirl
 * *kʰ-h-p be vaporous
 * *kʰ-h-pʰ be afflicted by [disease]
 * *kʰ-h-s gut, eviscerate
 * *kʰ-h-t have extensions
 * *kʰ-h-tʰ cost, have a cost or trade-off
 * *kʰ-k-tʼ fix, fix up, repair
 * *kʰ-kʼ-m neglect, be derelict in one's duties
 * *kʰ-m-l mix, mix up, stir, stir together, combine
 * *kʰ-m-s call, call out, call out to (echo?)
 * *kʰ-m-tʰ grab, grab onto, seize
 * *kʰ-m-w roll in, break, cyclically rise and fall (said of the tides)
 * *kʰ-n-t twist, wind
 * *kʰ-p-kʼ hate, hold contempt for
 * *kʰ-p-tʼ be sweet, taste sweet
 * *kʰ-pʰ-pʼ be rainy
 * *kʰ-qʰ-t be lucky, feel lucky
 * *kʰ-s-l hunt, go after, search for game
 * *kʰ-s-r watch, regard, observe, guard
 * *kʰ-s-t be diligent, be methodical, be dedicated
 * *kʰ-s-tʰ deceive, act
 * *kʰ-ts-s represent, advocate
 * *kʰ-t-pʰ hear, detect sound from
 * *kʰ-tʰ-s solve
 * *kʰ-t-w leave behind, abandon
 * *kʰ-tʰ-w build, assemble, set up, put together
 * *kʰ-ts-p cultivate, grow
 * *kʰ-ts-ts warrant, suggest
 * *kʰ-tsʰ-qʰ hold back, restrain
 * *kʰ-tsʰ-l throw, hurl
 * *kʰ-w-t be black, be dark

*kʼ

 * *kʼ-c-l release, let go, let go of
 * *kʼ-cʰ-m announce
 * *kʼ-cʼ-t impress, inspire awe in
 * *kʼ-p-ɴ defy, reject, refuse, rebel
 * *kʼ-p-tʼ flee, run away, escape, take flight from
 * *kʼ-pʼ-p crack the knuckles or joints
 * *kʼ-m-ɴ congregate, group together
 * *kʼ-tʼ-c be a bush, be a shrub
 * *kʼ-tsʼ-w sneeze

*l

 * *l-c-k communicate
 * *l-cʰ-k deserve, be worthy of
 * *l-cʰ-tsʰ be violent, be feral
 * *l-cʼ-k be leafy
 * *l-cʼ-t be tense, be extended, be overtaxed
 * *l-cʼ-tʰ be depressed, be sad
 * *l-h-s be previous, be the last [whatever]
 * *l-h-tʼ choke
 * *l-h-w make greater/larger
 * *l-k-c give one's word, make a promise
 * *l-kʰ-h fade, diminish
 * *l-kʰ-p feel (emotions), have feelings
 * *l-l-s burn, scald
 * *l-m-c qualify, meet the requirements for
 * *l-m-kʼ slide, slither
 * *l-m-m hum, whistle, make music by humming or whistling
 * *l-m-n be sweet, taste sweet
 * *l-m-pʰ be flexible, be bendable, be pliable
 * *l-m-pʼ stand, be upright
 * *l-m-qʼ connect, be a connector
 * *l-n-kʰ be brute, be vulgar, be base
 * *l-n-qʼ ask, question
 * *l-ŋ-k be hard, be as or of the integument
 * *l-ŋ-kʰ sprout, blossom, grow
 * *l-s-cʰ be a miser, be miserly, be greedy
 * *l-s-m be angry
 * *l-s-t be sly
 * *l-s-tʼ inspire awe or reverence
 * *l-r-l 10³ in base six, six hundred thirty-six
 * *l-tsʰ-pʼ ring, ring out, resound, resonate
 * *l-tsʼ-h compare, contrast
 * *l-w-l be funny, be light-hearted
 * *l-w-ŋ cook, prepare food
 * *l-w-ɴ appreciate

*m

 * *m-cʼ-p listen
 * *m-f-k be east, be eastern (from PB *mɔfk east)
 * *m-h-kʰ get up, rise, arise
 * *m-k-s die, pass away
 * *m-kʰ-t bend, curve
 * *m-kʰ-w organize, clean, tidy up
 * *m-kʼ-tʼ pay mind to, be mindful of
 * *m-m-r be ridiculous, be unbelievable
 * *m-n-kʰ sit, sit down
 * *m-q-p be sharp
 * *m-q-pʰ leave, go away
 * *m-q-s be grey/gray
 * *m-q-qʼ hook, catch
 * *m-qʰ-r be simultaneous, occur at the same time as, be contemporaneous, be a contemporary of
 * *m-r-tʃ line up, spell out (from PB *mɯrtʃ arrange)
 * *m-s-kʼ flow, run (as of water)
 * *m-s-qʼ have, keep, possess
 * *m-s-tsʰ make a ring, encircle, crown
 * *m-t-tʼ promise, give one's word
 * *m-tʰ-kʼ be mortal, have a fixed time span of existence
 * *m-w-cʼ pry, hack at, infiltrate
 * *m-w-h wear out, wear down, cause friction, rub

*n

 * *n-c-k understand
 * *n-c-t give off, exude, extrude
 * *n-cʰ-cʰ shock, spark, give off lightning
 * *n-cʰ-t be snowy
 * *n-cʼ-pʰ contact, get in touch with
 * *n-f-t color, cause to be colored (from PG *naft pigment)
 * *n-kʰ-r meet, get acquainted with
 * *n-kʼ-pʰ illustrate, illuminate, provide examples, provide examples for
 * *n-kʼ-r labor, work, toil
 * *n-l-cʰ reward
 * *n-l-cʼ mention, bring up
 * *n-l-k defer, transfer authority to somebody else
 * *n-l-kʼ be sour, taste sour
 * *n-l-m live, exist
 * *n-m-cʼ catch, cup
 * *n-m-ŋ lie, lie down, be still
 * *n-ɴ-cʰ be sorry, be sorry for, regret
 * *n-ɴ-t poke, poke at
 * *n-p-c be other, be alternate, be different
 * *n-p-cʼ be cloudy
 * *n-pʰ-l tie, knot, knot up
 * *n-q-s organize, clean
 * *n-qʰ-s 10² in base six; 36
 * *n-qʼ-m be small
 * *n-qʼ-p try, give (someone or something) a chance
 * *n-qʼ-s go home, go back to where one came from
 * *n-t-n fold the arms, cross the legs, fold the limbs
 * *n-tʰ-c coat, cover, stick to
 * *n-w-s connect, join
 * *n-w-w dig, bury

*ɴ

 * *ɴ-cʼ-m like, have positive feelings toward
 * *ɴ-h-cʼ decay
 * *ɴ-h-kʰ rain, come down from on high
 * *ɴ-k-h be adipose, be fat
 * *ɴ-k-l be late, be tardy
 * *ɴ-k-r rule, exert eminent domain over, govern
 * *ɴ-kʰ-c be mysterious
 * *ɴ-kʰ-cʰ weave, lace
 * *ɴ-kʰ-r be bare, be empty, be devoid of features or objects
 * *ɴ-l-ŋ revere, honor, esteem
 * *ɴ-l-r be reliable, be dependable
 * *ɴ-ɴ-kʰ have a sore throat, be ill
 * *ɴ-pʰ-l test, examine, scrutinize
 * *ɴ-r-qʰ deny
 * *ɴ-qʰ-r burst, blow up, explode
 * *ɴ-ɴ-r feel, perceive, sense
 * *ɴ-ɴ-tʰ streak, stripe, shock, make a line
 * *ɴ-q-ɴ be blue, be green
 * *ɴ-t-kʰ be next, be the next or upcoming [whatever]
 * *ɴ-tʼ-cʼ expect, predict
 * *ɴ-tʼ-pʼ swell, swell up, throb

*ŋ

 * *ŋ-cʰ-c be correct, do the right thing
 * *ŋ-cʰ-k kick
 * *ŋ-g-b stop at a place on a journey (from PB *ŋgɛd camp, make camp for the night)
 * *ŋ-g-x slip out of one's grasp (from PB *ŋgox sink in a stormy sea)
 * *ŋ-h-qʰ decorate, make beautiful, beautify, adorn
 * *ŋ-k-l boast, glorify the self, be prideful, be arrogant, be haughty
 * *ŋ-k-m protect, watch/look out for, have one's back
 * *ŋ-kʰ-cʰ lean, lean on, tilt
 * *ŋ-kʰ-m loan, lend out, lend out to
 * *ŋ-kʰ-tʰ be hollow
 * *ŋ-l-qʼ be raw, be uncooked, be in an original state, be impure and/or unrefined
 * *ŋ-m-tʼ be sick, be ill, be unwell
 * *ŋ-ŋ-c ascertain, form an opinion, form an opinion on, judge
 * *ŋ-ŋ-ŋ be alien, be strange
 * *ŋ-p-s be fluid, be liquid
 * *ŋ-p-t shine, burn
 * *ŋ-p-tʰ assist, aid, help
 * *ŋ-p-tʼ address, discuss
 * *ŋ-pʰ-t taste, have a sensation of taste
 * *ŋ-pʰ-h soak up, absorb
 * *ŋ-pʼ-k wait
 * *ŋ-pʼ-l want
 * *ŋ-r-c be ripe
 * *ŋ-s-kʼ be sandy
 * *ŋ-t-k check, make sure, ensure
 * *ŋ-w-cʼ fake, falsify, pretend, feign
 * *ŋ-w-s be deaf

*p

 * *p-c-m send, send out, dispatch, deploy
 * *p-cʰ-t mirror, reflect
 * *p-f-t be low (from PB *pfɛt ocean floor, bottom of the ocean)
 * *p-h-c be connected to
 * *p-h-cʼ strangle, kill by strangulation
 * *p-h-tʰ be fluid, be graceful
 * *p-k-k be serious, be grave
 * *p-k-s suspect, be suspicious
 * *p-m-ǀ ring, encircle on the interior, support (from PB *pmɔǀ rib)
 * *p-ŋ-kʰ be rare, be scarce
 * *p-p-c be merciful, show mercy
 * *p-p-k fly, soar
 * *p-pʰ-c make known
 * *p-pʰ-cʼ daydream, waste time
 * *p-pʰ-l puncture
 * *p-pʰ-r bother, annoy
 * *p-pʰ-s be sophisticated, be comples
 * *p-pʰ-w learn, pick up, be instructed
 * *p-pʼ-k laugh
 * *p-pʼ-s preserve, keep
 * *p-r-t display
 * *p-s-s branch out, reach, reach out
 * *p-s-t bless, sanctify
 * *p-s-tʰ tie, bind, tie/bind together
 * *p-s-w be straight, be unbent
 * *p-q-p block, hinder, halt progress
 * *p-q-ǃ̃ complain (from PB *pqɛǃ̃ cry, shout, vocalize displeasure or irritation or sadness [with])
 * *p-t-qʼ rust, be rusty
 * *p-t-ʘ̬ sweep, seize (from PB *ptɔʘ̬ gale, strong wind, gust)
 * *p-tʰ-cʼ forsake, turn one's back on
 * *p-tʰ-m be moldy, be infected
 * *p-tʼ-m starve, waste away
 * *p-tʼ-ɴ be as or of sulfur
 * *p-χ-t be west, be western (from PB *pχɔt west)

*pʰ

 * *pʰ-cʰ-kʰ comfort emotionally, lend moral support
 * *pʰ-k-m be soft, cushion
 * *pʰ-p-tʼ hit, strike, beat
 * *pʰ-s-tʼ try, attempt
 * *pʰ-tʰ-t make lesser/smaller
 * *pʰ-tsʰ-k balance, walk, locomote
 * *pʰ-w-m six, decimality in base six (n.b.: PVQ counted in base six)

*pʼ

 * *pʼ-c-l carve, whittle, whittle away at
 * *pʼ-cʼ-kʰ be miserable
 * *pʼ-cʼ-ŋ feel, feel around for, search for by feeling around for with the hands
 * *pʼ-kʰ-p be feathery, be downy
 * *pʼ-pʼ-q bubble, bubble up
 * *pʼ-q-p burn
 * *pʼ-qʰ-pʰ fight, argue, battle
 * *pʼ-qʼ-q dart one's head underwater, as some waterfowl might that they may catch fish
 * *pʼ-s-l irritate, inflame, make raw, rub raw
 * *pʼ-t-kʰ be false, be untrue
 * *pʼ-w-n defeat utterly, conquer, win by a large margin

*q

 * *q-c-t pay attention, listen, pay mind to
 * *q-g-f ripple, wave (from PB *qɛgv ripple, wave, echo)
 * *q-h-r be salty
 * *q-kʰ-pʼ tempt, seduce
 * *q-m-h be wet
 * *q-m-r discredit
 * *q-m-w ride, control, direct, tame
 * *q-ɴ-r be holy, be devout
 * *q-ŋ-t be iron, be irony
 * *q-p-ʘ̃ flood, become flooded, inundate (from PB *qpaʘ̃ rise)
 * *q-pʼ-r hang down, hang down from, be suspended
 * *q-r-f glow (from PB *qarf glow, shine)
 * *q-s-r narrate, report, recount, tell (a story or an account of events)
 * *q-t-ǃ be spicy, be pungent (from PB *qtiǃ sting)
 * *q-w-q have power, have power over, dominate

*qʰ

 * *qʰ-cʼ-m be evident, be clear, signal
 * *qʰ-cʼ-qʼ sparkle, glisten, be shiny or sparkly
 * *qʰ-k-qʼ smear, make a mess, stain, stain by smearing
 * *qʰ-kʰ-ts sweat, perspire, soak
 * *qʰ-l-h steal, illegally seize, forcibly take (from)
 * *qʰ-m-l be emotional
 * *qʰ-m-tʼ be amazed, be astounded
 * *qʰ-ɴ-cʼ be cold, be freezing
 * *qʰ-ɴ-ɴ inquire, look into, seek, seek out
 * *qʰ-ɴ-s loiter, wait around, haunt
 * *qʰ-p-s be nervous, be scared
 * *qʰ-t-kʰ be colorful
 * *qʰ-ts-kʼ eat, consume
 * *qʰ-w-tʼ vomit, throw up, regurgitate

*qʼ

 * *qʼ-cʼ-k pour, pour out, anoint
 * *qʼ-cʼ-kʼ be evil
 * *qʼ-k-kʰ disgrace, shame, chastise
 * *qʼ-kʼ-l commit, make a choice
 * *qʼ-l-n be meat, be meaty
 * *qʼ-pʼ-k damage, dent, visibly affect a nonliving item
 * *qʼ-qʰ-q batter, butt up against, ram
 * *qʼ-s-k be wrong, err, be incorrect
 * *qʼ-s-l let in, take in, shelter, harbor, secret, conceal
 * *qʼ-t-kʼ instruct, order, command
 * *qʼ-tsʼ-k speak, talk

*r

 * *r-c-t open, unfold
 * *r-kʰ-h wash, cleanse, clean
 * *r-l-cʼ be left, be on the left
 * *r-q-m confine, pen up
 * *r-q-tʰ transport
 * *r-q-tsʼ be pregnant, gestate, carry a child, be with child
 * *r-s-p be warm
 * *r-s-pʰ be embarrassed
 * *r-s-r give birth
 * *r-s-w work, be busy and/or engaged with
 * *r-ts-tʰ speak up, be heard, offer one's opinion or make it known

*s

 * *s-c-h be red
 * *s-c-l fail
 * *s-cʼ-s show up, arrive, turn up, occur
 * *s-kʰ-h be grassy, be mossy, be covered in fine plants
 * *s-h-c finish, end, stop, cease, halt
 * *s-m-h be disappointed
 * *s-m-q five, quinquilaterality
 * *s-s-r take prisoner, take captive
 * *s-s-t teach, instruct
 * *s-t-l be related to the sky
 * *s-t-n catch the wind, navigate
 * *s-tʼ-ts direct, turn, turn towards, face
 * *s-w-n faint, fall unconscious

*t

 * *t-c-h lie down due to illness
 * *t-cʰ-t swim, crawl, locomote on and/or using one's hands and knees
 * *t-k-ǂ̃ tow, drag, drag in, pull along (from *tkaǂ̃ tow, bring in [esp. as of game from a hunt behind a boat])
 * *t-m-ʘ̬ intercept (from PB *tmaʘ̬ meet, rendezvous)
 * *t-n-ǀ tunnel, conduct, direct, allow one to travel through (from PB *tnaǀ door, passageway)
 * *t-pʼ-r seal, seal up
 * *t-q-qʼ four, quadrilaterality
 * *t-q-r smell, inhale
 * *t-qʰ-n barter, trade
 * *t-qʰ-ŋ change color, change colors
 * *t-r-c create, provide the genesis for
 * *t-ts-s two, duality
 * *t-tʃ-χ be fatty, be greasy (from PB *tɛtʃχ fat of a marine animal)
 * *t-x-ǃ̬ avenge, exact vengeance or retribution (from PB *txaǃ̬ obtain revenge)

*tʰ

 * *tʰ-cʼ-kʰ walk, amble, journey
 * *tʰ-kʰ-h vary
 * *tʰ-kʰ-t leave to one's own devices, be laissez-faire towards, leave alone, set aside, ignore
 * *tʰ-kʰ-tsʼ sample, take a sample, test the waters
 * *tʰ-ɴ-pʼ scratch, scrape at
 * *tʰ-pʰ-p be adventurous, be open-minded, have a love of adventure and/or exploration
 * *tʰ-s-r be rapid, repeat, be rapidly repetetive
 * *tʰ-ts-r be elongate

*tʼ

 * *tʼ-c-kʰ expand, grow in size
 * *tʼ-kʼ-k murder, kill unjustifiably or in cold blood
 * *tʼ-p-tʼ drip, stain
 * *tʼ-pʰ-c be rational
 * *tʼ-pʰ-tʼ fall on
 * *tʼ-t-r lie, deceive, tell a falsehood to (someone)
 * *tʼ-tʼ-ŋ afflict with an illness

*ts

 * *ts-k-ts buzz around, hang around carrion or diseased animals, be an annoyance, be a pest
 * *ts-kʰ-w be oily
 * *ts-p-pʰ mark up, deface
 * *ts-r-cʼ write, encode in writing or glyphs
 * *ts-ts-h be real

*tsʰ

 * *tsʰ-c-kʼ be upset
 * *tsʰ-kʰ-k be pure, be free of impurities
 * *tsʰ-m-kʼ grind, grind down
 * *tsʰ-q-pʰ be loose, be unsecured
 * *tsʰ-t-pʰ be stuck, be impeded, be unintentionally immovable
 * *tsʰ-tsʼ-ts be good, be wonderful
 * *tsʰ-w-ɴ take shape, form

*tsʼ

 * *tsʼ-c-w gamble, bet, wager
 * *tsʼ-cʰ-w lock, secure
 * *tsʼ-l-w see, view
 * *tsʼ-m-n define, describe
 * *tsʼ-p-k to cause problems
 * *tsʼ-tsʼ-tʰ understand

*tʃ

 * *tʃ-k-p slap (from PB *tʃakp slap, hit, strike; possibly onomatopoeically influenced?)
 * *tʃ-t-k be anonymous, be average, be random (placeholder for names or identities) (from PB *tʃtak John Doe, Joe [X])
 * *tʃ-t-ǀ̃ delay, hold up (from PB *tʃtɛǀ̃ unexpected incident, delay)
 * *tʃ-χ-p answer (from PB *tʃaχp catch)
 * *tʃ-x-ǂ̬ swing, swing back and forth (from PB *tʃxɯǂ̬ swing, hang loosely)

*w

 * *w-c-h be strong, be muscular
 * *w-c-tsʼ flex, bend
 * *w-cʰ-l contract, become smaller
 * *w-cʼ-p suck, suck on
 * *w-h-tʰ envision, visualize, imagine
 * *w-k-cʰ endure, persevere
 * *w-k-tsʼ slide, tumble down, fall
 * *w-k-cʼ make known, inform
 * *w-k-l be perfect
 * *w-k-r be rocky, be stony
 * *w-k-s slip, slide
 * *w-kʰ-h line up
 * *w-kʰ-m shake, stir
 * *w-kʰ-s be slim, be slender
 * *w-l-m make signs, make signals
 * *w-n-l serve, obey
 * *w-ɴ-l be illegal
 * *w-ɴ-pʼ take somebody with one on a journey, travel with
 * *w-ŋ-cʼ be just, be justified
 * *w-p-r be uneven, be rough (e.g., as of terrain)
 * *w-p-w be set apart from, be consigned to, be categorized in
 * *w-pʰ-h deal, make a deal with, bargain, bargain with
 * *w-s-c burn, give off heat
 * *w-s-h force, intimidate, compel, coërce
 * *w-t-m send a message, send word
 * *w-tsʰ-c disappear, vanish
 * *w-tsʰ-h sit, sit down

*x

 * *x-f-ʘ̬ be misty, be foggy, be cloudy and/or clouded (from *xfaʘ̬ mist, fog)
 * *x-ɢ-d be special (from PB *xɛɢd unusual, out of place, strange)
 * *x-t-x be south, be southern (from PB *xtʌx south)

*χ

 * *χ-r-ǂ̬ sting (from *χriǂ̬ be long and sharp, that which pricks or stings)
 * *χ-x-t set up, prepare (from PB *χɯxt get ready for a journey)

*ʘ

 * *ʘ-k-p float (from PB *ʘikp a kind of small canoe)
 * *ʘ-ŋ-x dig through ice, ice-fish (from PB *ʘʌŋx scrape ice)
 * *ʘ-p-f stroke, paddle (from PB *ʘɔpf wave one's arms)
 * *ʘ-p-t fight (from PB *ʘɛpt go out boating in stormy conditions)
 * *ʘ-x-t be stringy, be fibrous (from PB *ʘɯxt string, ball of string, twine)

*ʘ̬

 * *ʘ̬-g-b be stormy (from PB *ʘ̬agb storm, heavy rainstorm, squall)
 * *ʘ̬-k-x show mercy towards, cut slack (from *ʘ̬ɛkx be sympathetic toward someone)
 * *ʘ̬-f-k be solidaritous, show solidarity towards (from *ʘ̬ufk brother)
 * *ʘ̬-t-p be cometary, be meteoric, be of or relating to a shooting star, be meteoric (from PB *ʘ̬ɯtp visit)

*ʘ̃

 * *ʘ̃-ɴ-r err (from PB *ʘ̃ɔɴr wrong, be wrong, be incorrect)

*ǀ

 * *ǀ-k-x be noisy (from PB *ǀɯkx sound, noise)
 * *ǀ-k-χ be flat (from PB *ǀɛkχ land, coast, expanse)

*ǀ̬

 * *ǀ̬-g-b light a signal fire (from PB *ǀ̬ɛgb send off smoke signals)
 * *ǀ̬-ŋ-t be sinuous, be curvaceous (from PB *ǀ̬ɯŋt sea-serpent)
 * *ǀ̬-x-t answer the call of nature (from PB *ǀ̬uxt answer the call of nature)

*ǀ̃

 * *ǀ̃-f-x go astray (from *ǀ̃ɛfx become separated from)
 * *ǀ̃-k-t construct, design, plan (from *ǀ̃ukt devise)
 * *ǀ̃-t-p kill oneself, commit suicide (from *ǀ̃ɔtp kill oneself, commit suicide)
 * *ǀ̃-t-x enjoy (from *ǀ̃atx want, desire [to do something or for something to occur])
 * *ǀ̃-x-g revive (from PB *ǀ̃ɛɣg bring back, retrieve)

*ǃ

 * *!-ɢ-f shimmer, dance around (from PB *ǃɯɢv aurora)

*ǃ̬

 * *ǃ̬-ŋ-k cut, separate, divide (from PB *ǃ̬ʌŋk cut, cut off [as with a knife])

*ǃ̃

 * *ǃ̃-p-k be a log, be wooden (from *ǃ̃apk log, tree trunk)
 * *ǃ̃-r-t be boggy, be marshy (from *ǃ̃urt meadow, meadowlands)

*ǂ

 * *ǂ-d-b claim, stake a claim (from PB *ǂadb desire, wish, wish for, want)
 * *ǂ-d-x poison, curse (from PB *ǂɛdɣ injure secretly, subvert)
 * *ǂ-k-f break down, fail (from PB *ǂakf be unreliable)
 * *ǂ-k-t deïce (from *ǂʌkt remove ice from using a chisel and a hammer)
 * *ǂ-χ-ɢ be foolish (from PB *ǂuʁɢ wander, meander)

*ǂ̬

 * *ǂ̬-ŋ-ɢ navigate through tight spaces (from PB *ǂ̬ʌŋɢ canoe)

*ǂ̃

 * *ǂ̃-d-χ give up, throw in the towel, lose hope (from PB *ǂ̃ʌdʁ give up)
 * *ǂ̃-r-d admit, confess (from PB *ǂ̃urd reveal)